3-Guanidinopropionic Acid

3-Guanidinopropionic acid is a creatine analog that alters skeletal muscle energy expenditure. It reduces cellular ATP, creatine, and phosphocreatine levels and stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), activating PPARgamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha). PGC-1alpha activation results in enhanced expression of AMPK, as well as genes for oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport chain, and mitochondrial biogenesis, increasing oxidative muscle fibers, numbers of mitochondria, and motor performance. 3-Guanidinopropionic acid evokes a shift from glycolytic to oxidative metabolism, increased cellular glucose uptake, and increased fatigue tolerance. In aged rats, reduced mitochondrial biogenesis in response to chronic activation of AMPK with 3-guanidinopropionic acid leads to metabolic insufficiency that can contribute to muscle loss.Formal Name: N-(aminoiminomethyl)-beta-alanine. CAS Number: 353-09-3. Synonyms: beta-GPA, PNU 10483. Molecular Formula: C4H9N3O2. Formula Weight: 131.1. Purity: >98%. Formulation: (Request formulation change), A crystalline solid. Solubility: PBS (pH 7.2): >50 mg/ml. SMILES: NC(NCCC(O)=O)=N. InChi Code: InChI=1S/C4H9N3O2/c5-4(6)7-2-1-3(8)9/h1-2H2,(H,8,9)(H4,5,6,7). InChi Key: KMXXSJLYVJEBHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N.