TNF alpha (human), animal-free recombinant

Product Description: TNF-alpha, a versatile pro-inflammatory cytokine, is produced by various cell types such as adipocytes, activated monocytes, macrophages, B cells, T cells, and fibroblasts. It belongs to the TNF ligand family and interacts with two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. Its functions include cytotoxicity against numerous tumor cells and essential involvement in the immune response against bacterial infections. TNF-alpha is also implicated in septic shock, autoimmune conditions, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation, and diabetes. Both human and murine TNF-alpha exhibit substantial reactivity across species. Structurally, TNF-alpha exists in two forms: a type II transmembrane protein and a mature soluble protein. The transmembrane protein undergoes proteolytic cleavage to generate a biologically active 17 kDa TNF-alpha, forming a non-covalently linked homotrimer in solution. Recombinant Human TNF-alpha is a soluble 157 amino acid protein (17.4 kDa) representing the C-terminal extracellular domain of the full-length transmembrane protein. . Amino acid sequence: VRSSSRTPSD KPVAHVVANP QAEGQLQWLN RRANALLANG VELRDNQLVV PSEGLYLIYS QVLFKGQGCP STHVLLTHTI SRIAVSYQTK VNLLSAIKSP CQRETPEGAE AKPWYEPIYL GGVFQLEKGD RLSAEINRPD YLDFAESGQV YFGIIAL. Endotoxin concentration: <0.1 EU/µg. Activity: The ED50 as determined by the cytolysis of murine L929 cells in the presence of Actinomyocin D is = 0.05 ng/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of > 2 x 10^7 units/mg. Contains no preservative. Protein function: Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion and is implicated in the induction of cachexia, Under certain conditions it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation. Impairs regulatory T- cells (Treg) function in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis via FOXP3 dephosphorylation. Up-regulates the expression of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), which dephosphorylates the key 'Ser-418' residue of FOXP3, thereby inactivating FOXP3 and rendering Treg cells functionally defective (PubMed:23396208). Key mediator of cell death in the anticancer action of BCG-stimulated neutrophils in combination with DIABLO/SMAC mimetic in the RT4v6 bladder cancer cell line (PubMed:22517918, PubMed:16829952, PubMed:23396208). Induces insulin resistance in adipocytes via inhibition of insulin-induced IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation and insulin-induced glucose uptake. Induces GKAP42 protein degradation in adipocytes which is partially responsible for TNF-induced insulin resistance. Plays a role in angiogenesis by inducing VEGF production synergistically with IL1B and IL6 (PubMed:12794819). [The UniProt Consortium]