IL-10 (human), animal-free recombinant

Product Description: IL-10, an immunosuppressive cytokine, is synthesized by various mammalian cell types like macrophages, monocytes, T cells, B cells, and keratinocytes. Its primary function is to dampen the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-alpha. Similar to IL-4, IL-10 boosts humoral immune responses while tempering cell-mediated immune reactions. Interestingly, Human IL-10 exhibits activity on murine cells, but the reverse is not true-murine IL-10 doesn't affect Human cells. The recombinant Human IL-10, a protein weighing 18.6 kDa and comprising 161 amino acid residues, reflects these immunomodulatory properties. . Amino acid sequence: MSPGQGTQSE NSCTHFPGNL PNMLRDLRDA FSRVKTFFQM KDQLDNLLLK ESLLEDFKGY LGCQALSEMI QFYLEEVMPQ AENQDPDIKA HVNSLGENLK TLRLRLRRCH RFLPCENKSK AVEQVKNAFN KLQEKGIYKA MSEFDIFINY IEAYMTMKIR N. Endotoxin concentration: <0.1 EU/µg. Activity: Determined by the dose-dependent co-stimulation (with human IL-4) of MC/9 cells. The expected ED50 is = 2.0 ng/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of > 5 x 10^5 units/mg. Contains no preservative. Protein function: Major immune regulatory cytokine that acts on many cells of the immune system where it has profound anti-inflammatory functions, limiting excessive tissue disruption caused by inflammation. Mechanistically, IL10 binds to its heterotetrameric receptor comprising IL10RA and IL10RB leading to JAK1 and STAT2-mediated phosphorylation of STAT3 (PubMed:16982608). In turn, STAT3 translocates to the nucleus where it drives expression of anti-inflammatory mediators (PubMed:18025162). Targets antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages and monocytes and inhibits their release of pro- inflammatory cytokines including granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor /GM-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor/G- CSF, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha (PubMed:1940799, PubMed:7512027, PubMed:11564774). Interferes also with antigen presentation by reducing the expression of MHC-class II and co- stimulatory molecules, thereby inhibiting their ability to induce T cell activation (PubMed:8144879). In addition, controls the inflammatory response of macrophages by reprogramming essential metabolic pathways including mTOR signaling. [The UniProt Consortium]