Citrullinated beta-Catenin (human, recombinant)

beta-Catenin is a transcriptional coactivator that is encoded by the CTNNB1 gene in humans. It is a 781-amino acid protein comprised of an N-terminal domain containing glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) phosphorylation sites, a C-terminal transactivation domain, and a central domain spanning amino acid residues 138-664. The central domain consists of 12 armadillo repeats and is required for binding to cadherins, TCF/LEF transcription factors, and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). beta-Catenin has roles in cell adhesion, canonical Wnt signaling, regulation of stem cells, embryonic development, and adult tissue homeostasis, among others. In the absence of Wnt, a complex consisting of axin, APC, GSK3beta, and casein kinase 1 (CK1), binds to and phosphorylates beta-catenin, targeting it for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. In the presence of Wnt, phosphorylation of beta-catenin is inhibited, allowing beta-catenin to translocate into the nucleus, where it interacts with TCF/LEF to activate expression of Wnt target genes. Activating mutations in CTNNB1 that stabilize beta-catenin have been associated with a variety of cancers, including hepatocellular and adrenocortical carcinomas, colorectal cancer, and pilomatricomas. Citrullination of beta-catenin by protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) induces proteasomal degradation of beta-catenin thus preventing Wnt signaling. PAD2 citrullination of beta-catenin induced by the antiparasitic agent nitazoxanide (Cay-13692) reduces the levels of beta-catenin in tumor tissue from Apcmin/+ mice, a model of intestinal adenomatous polypsis, and decreases the number of adenomas.Synonyms: Catenin beta-1, CTNNB1, Catenin (Cadherin-Associated Protein), beta1, 88kDa, EVR7, MRD19, NEDSDV. Purity: >95% estimated by SDS-PAGE. Protein Identity Confirmed by Mass Spec: Yes. Source: Recombinant N-terminal His-tagged human beta-catenin expressed in E. coli, citrullinated by PAD2. Amino Acids: 138-781. MW: 72 kDa. Formulation: (Request formulation change), 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, with 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, and 5% glycerol. UniProt Accession #: P35222.