Phloretin

Phloretin is a natural dihydrochalcone, originally identified from the apple tree, and is a metabolite of phlorizin. It has numerous pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and cytoprotective properties. Phloretin is a potent antioxidant, scavenging peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and/or suppressing lipid peroxidation, which contributes to the many biological properties. Phloretin has anti-aging and depigmenting effects, making it also attractive for dermatological research and application. Phloretin attacks a number of molecular targets, modulating different intracellular signaling pathways, including NF-kappaB, MAPK, Nrf2, and AMPK. It can modulate Ca2+ channels, PKC, GLUTs, SGLTs and other targets. The anticancer potential is based on antiproliferative, proapoptotic, antimetastatic, and antiangiogenic activities.