CellaQuant(TM) TGF-beta1 (Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1) ELISA Kit

TGFB1 (TGF-beta1) is a 44 kDa multifunctional cytokine regulating cell growth, differentiation, migration, immunity, and development. It exists as a latent proprotein, where the Latency-Associated Peptide (LAP) non-covalently binds TGF-beta1, maintaining inactivity and storing it in the extracellular matrix. Activation is tightly controlled via interactions of LAP with milieu proteins (LTBP1, GARP, NRROS) and specific integrins (alphavbeta6/alphavbeta8), which induce conformational release of active TGF-beta1.Active TGF-beta1 signals through TGFBR1/TGFBR2 receptors, inducing SMAD2/3 phosphorylation and regulating gene expression. It modulates immune responses, directing T-cell differentiation toward Treg or Th17 lineages in a concentration-dependent manner. It is crucial for wound healing, bone remodeling, and organogenesis, but its dysregulation is linked to fibrosis, cancer progression, metastasis, atherosclerosis, and autoimmune diseases.