CellaQuant (TM) Rat TNF-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha) ELISA Kit

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), also known as cachectin or TNFSF1A, is the prototypic ligand of the Tumor Necrosis Factor superfamily. As a pleiotropic cytokine, TNF-alpha plays a central role in immunity, inflammation, and metabolic homeostasis. Its functions are primarily mediated by two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which activate signaling pathways such as NF-kappaB and MAPK to regulate a broad spectrum of cellular responses. In terms of immunity, TNF-alpha activates innate immune cells including macrophages and neutrophils, promotes the release of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-6, and modulates the activation and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes. In tissue homeostasis, TNF-alpha can induce apoptosis in target cells while also promoting cell survival via NF-kappaB signaling, under certain conditions, it also contributes to the induction of necroptosis. Metabolically, TNF-alpha inhibits lipoprotein lipase activity, leading to cachexia, and is involved in the development of insulin resistance. Dysregulation of TNF-alpha is closely associated with a variety of diseases, including autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease, asthma, neuropathic pain, obesity and type 2 diabetes, septic shock, and the progression of various cancers. Human TNF-alpha is initially synthesized as a 26 kDa type II transmembrane protein, consisting of an intracellular domain of 35 amino acids, a transmembrane segment of 21 amino acids, and an extracellular domain of 177 amino acids. It is produced by a wide range of immune cells (such as macrophages and T cells), epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and certain tumor cells