Histone H3.3 Mutation Antibody Panel (G34W, G34R, G34V)

Histone H3 is one of the DNA-binding proteins found in the chromatin of all eukaryotic cells. H3 along with four core histone proteins binds to DNA forming the structure of the nucleosome. Histones play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. Histone H3 has three main variants, H3.1 and H3.2, which are deposited in chromatin only during DNA replication and H3.3, which is replication independent and is found primarily in the regions of active transcription and heterochromatin. Post translationally, histones are modified in a variety of ways to either directly change the chromatin structure or allow for the binding of specific transcription factors. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 protrudes from the globular nucleosome core and can undergo several different types of post-translational modification that influence cellular processes. These modifications include the covalent attachment of methyl or acetyl groups to lysine and arginine amino acids and the phosphorylation of serine or threonine. Histone modifications are one form of epigenetic information that relate closely to gene regulation. Aberrant histone methylation caused by alteration in chromatin-modifying enzymes has long been implicated in cancers. Recently, recurrent histone mutations have been identified in multiple cancers and have been shown to impede histone methylation. All identified histone mutations (including H3K4M, H3K9M, H3K27M, H3K36M, and H3G34V/R/W) result in amino acid substitution at/near a lysine residue that is a target of methylation. Protein function: Variant histone H3 which replaces conventional H3 in a wide range of nucleosomes in active genes. Constitutes the predominant form of histone H3 in non-dividing cells and is incorporated into chromatin independently of DNA synthesis. Deposited at sites of nucleosomal displacement throughout transcribed genes, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic imprint of transcriptionally active chromatin. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. [The UniProt Consortium]