PACAP Related Peptide, Human, Control Peptide (Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide Re

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-aminoacid peptide (human, chr 6q26-q27). Expressed and secreted by neurons innervating primary and secondary immune organs such as lymph nodes with a Mol.wt of 20kD. VIP is a potent neurotrophic factor causes vasodilation, lowers arterial blood pressure, and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gall bladder. VIP also modulates several T-lymphocyte activities including motility, cytokine production, proliferation and apoptosis, VIP exerts its biological activity by binding to two closely related class II G-protein-coupled receptors VPAC-1 and VPAC-2 beside this VIP has its own receptors VIPR1&2 (Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Receptor 1&2) and VIPRRP (VIP receptor-gene repressor protein). VIP shows similarities to glucagon, secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) as such it has been considered a member of the glucagon-secretin family. The VIP is 100% conserved in mouse, rat and human. VIP is considered to be a viable candidate for the development of treatments for rheumatoid arthritis, since treatment with VIP significantly reduced incidence of severity of arthritis, the therapeutic effect of VIP was associated with downregulation of both inflammatory and autoimmune components of the disease. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a bioactive peptide (human 176aa, 175 each in mouse and rat) that was originally isolated from ovine hypothalamus on the basis of its ability to stimulate adenylate cyclase and functions as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator The N-terminal amino acid sequence of PACAP shows 68% identity with VIP and more limited similarity with growth hormone-releasing hormone. PRP (PACAP Related Peptide), a 29 amino-acid region of the PACAP precursor protein, has been synthesized in quantities sufficient for biological and structural studies. PRP has a distinct biological activity on the gallbladder that is similar to PACAP, but opposite to that of VIP and its related peptide, PHM. Species Sequence Homology: Porcine, sheep-81%, Chicken-80%. Applications: Suitable for use in ELISA as a control peptide for P1775-01L. Other applications not tested. Recommended Dilution: ELISA: Coat ELISA plates at 1ug/ml., Optimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher. Storage and Stability: Lyophilized powder may be stored at -20°C. Stable for 12 months at -20°C. Reconstitute with sterile buffer or ddH2O. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20°C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer.