Arenobufagin

Arenobufagin is a bufanolide steroid isolated from the Argentine toad Bufo arenarum. This compound exhibits anticancer and antiangiogenic properties, but is also cardiotoxic, inhibiting cardiovascular Na+/K+ pumps. In cellular models, arenobufagin modulated autophagy and apoptosis, inhibiting tumor growth through indirect inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Arenobufagin also inhibits VEGFR2 directly through blockade of ATP-binding sites.