Anti-GPR91

This gene encodes a G-protein-coupled receptor for succinate, an intermediate molecule of the citric acid cycle. It is involved in the promotion of hematopoietic progenitor cell development, and it has a potential role in renovascular hypertension which has known correlations to renal failure, diabetes and atherosclerosis. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009], Protein function: G protein-coupled receptor for succinate able to mediate signaling through Gq/GNAQ or Gi/GNAI second messengers depending on the cell type and the processes regulated (PubMed:15141213, PubMed:34133934, PubMed:23770096). Succinate-SUCNR1 signaling serves as a link between metabolic stress, inflammation and energy homeostasis (PubMed:18820681, PubMed:34133934). In macrophages, plays a range of immune-regulatory roles. During inflammation, succinate-SUCNR1 signaling may act as an anti-inflammatory mediator or boost inflammation depending on the inflammatory status of cells. Hyperpolarizes M2 macrophages versus M1 phenotype through Gq signaling by regulating the transcription of genes involoved in immune function (PubMed:34133934). In activated M1 macrophages, plays a pro-inflammatory role in response to LPS. Expressed in dendritic cells, where it is involved in the sensing of immunological danger and enhances immunity. Mediates succinate triggered intracelleular calcium mobilization, induces migratory responses and acts in synergy with Toll-like receptor ligands for the production of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an enhancement of antigen-specific activation of helper T cells (PubMed:18820681). In the small intestine, mediates the activation of tuft cells by dietary succinate and triggers type 2 immunity. In adipocytes, plays an important role in the control of energy metabolism. In response to succinate, controls leptin expression in an AMPK-JNK-CEBPA-dependent as well as circadian clock-regulated manner. In muscle tissue, is expressed in non-muscle cells and coordinates muscle remodeling in response to the succinate produced during exercise training in a paracrine manner. In retina, acts as a mediator of vessel growth during retinal development. In response to succinate, regulates the production of angiogenic factors, including VEGF, by retinal ganglion neurons. [The UniProt Consortium] Recommended dilutions: Western Blot: 1/500 - 1/2000. Immunofluorescence: 1/200 - 1/1000. ELISA: 1/10000. Not yet tested in other applications.. Cellular localization: Cell membrane , Multi-pass membrane protein .