Pyrroloquinoline quinone

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a quinone and redox enzyme cofactor that has been found in a variety of bacteria and has diverse biological activities. It inhibits fibril formation by the amyloid proteins amyloid-beta (1-42) (Abeta42) and mouse prion protein when used at a concentrations of 100 and 300 µM. PQQ stimulates cell proliferation, reduces glutamate-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), necrosis, and caspase-3 activity, and increases activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in neural stem and progenitor cells. It inhibits LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and suppresses LPS-induced expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, MCP-1, and MIP-1alpha in primary microglia. In vivo, PQQ (3 and 10 mg/kg) reduces Iba-1 expression, a marker of microglial activation, in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal dentate gyrus in mice. PQQ decreases the number of hepatic cells positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and reduces collagen deposition and hepatic hydroxyproline levels in a mouse model of liver fibrosis. It also decreases serum glucose and total cholesterol levels, increases brain SOD, CAT, and GPX activities, and decreases brain lipid hydroperoxide levels in mice with diabetes induced by streptozotocin (Cay-13104).Formal Name: 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dioxo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline-2,7,9-tricarboxylic acid. CAS Number: 72909-34-3. Synonyms: PQQ. Molecular Formula: C14H6N2O8. Formula Weight: 330.2. Purity: >95%. Formulation: (Request formulation change), A crystalline solid. Solubility: DMF: 1 mg/ml, DMSO: 2 mg/ml, Ethanol: 0.1 mg/ml, PBS (pH 7.2): 0.1 mg/ml. lambdamax: 251, 371 nm. SMILES: O=C(O)C1=C(C(NC(C(O)=O)=C2)=C2C(C3=O)=O)C3=NC(C(O)=O)=C1. InChi Code: InChI=1S/C14H6N2O8/c17-10-4-2-6(14(23)24)15-8(4)7-3(12(19)20)1-5(13(21)22)16-9(7)11(10)18/h1-2,15H,(H,19,20)(H,21,22)(H,23,24). InChi Key: MMXZSJMASHPLLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N.