ELISpot Human TNF-alpha,12x8 well strip (1 plate)

The Human TNF-alpha Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) assay is a highly sensitive method used to detect and quantify individual cells that secrete specific cytokines or other soluble molecules. This assay is utilized in immunology to monitor cellular immune responses at the single-cell level and reliably detects and measures human TNF-alpha secretion by stimulated effector cells. 8-well strip (12x8) ELISPOT plates offer a flexible, cost-effective alternative to full 96-well plates by allowing smaller-scale assays, reduced reagent use, and easier handling for variable experimental setups. TNF-alpha is a multifunctional cytokine involved in both innate and adaptive immunity. It is produced primarily by activated macrophages, T cells, and Natural Killer cells, during immune responses, but can also be produced by other cell types, including neutrophils, mast cells, and endothelial cells. As a proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha plays a crucial role in the inflammatory response. It activates endothelial cells, promoting the recruitment of immune cells to sites of infection or injury, and enhances the microbicidal activity of macrophages. TNF-alpha regulates immune responses by modulating the activity of various immune cells, including T cells and antigen-presenting cells. It is critical for both innate and adaptive immunity against a wide range of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, due to its ability to induce apoptosis in infected cells and enhance the production of other inflammatory cytokines.TNF-alpha also stimulates the production of acute-phase proteins and other mediators of inflammation, contributing to the systemic effects observed during severe infections and chronic inflammatory diseases. Aberrant TNF-alpha expression is associated with a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis, highlighting its significance in immune regulation and potential as a therapeutic target. Protein function: Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion and is implicated in the induction of cachexia, Under certain conditions it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation. Impairs regulatory T- cells (Treg) function in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis via FOXP3 dephosphorylation. Up-regulates the expression of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), which dephosphorylates the key 'Ser-418' residue of FOXP3, thereby inactivating FOXP3 and rendering Treg cells functionally defective (PubMed:23396208). Key mediator of cell death in the anticancer action of BCG-stimulated neutrophils in combination with DIABLO/SMAC mimetic in the RT4v6 bladder cancer cell line (PubMed:22517918, PubMed:16829952, PubMed:23396208). Induces insulin resistance in adipocytes via inhibition of insulin-induced IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation and insulin-induced glucose uptake. Induces GKAP42 protein degradation in adipocytes which is partially responsible for TNF-induced insulin resistance. Plays a role in angiogenesis by inducing VEGF production synergistically with IL1B and IL6 (PubMed:12794819). [The UniProt Consortium]