CpG-B DNA, Rat, K-type

The rat CpG-B DNA belongs to the class of CpG-B oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), also known as 'K'- type ODN, with a full phosphorothioate (PS) backbone. It is particularly effective for activating B cells. The vertebrate immune system has evolved innate immune defense pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) motifs within bacterial DNA. Cellular activation by CpG motifs occurs via the Toll signal pathway. The Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9, CD289) appears to be a major component of the CpG-DNA receptor, acting by direct binding to CpG-DNA, which triggers the induction of cell signaling pathways including the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPKs) and NFkB, leading to stimulation of various cells of the immune system. The human TLR9 is expressed in B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC). Mice also express TLR9 in the myeloid compartment. Optimal sequences for activating TLR9 vary among species. Synthetic ODN contain CpG-DNA motifs mimicking the immunostimulatory effects of bacterial DNA and can, therefore, be used as immunoprotective agents, vaccine adjuvants and anti-allergic agents. CpG ODN also affects immune tolerance and autoimmunity. Different classes of CpG ODN are characterized each with distinct effects on the immune response: CpG-A ('D'-type), CpG-B ('K'-type), and CpG-C. CpG-B ODN are characterized by a full phosphorothioate backbone with one or more CpG motifs without poly -G motifs. CpG-B ODN are weak inducers of IFN-alpha but are very potent Th1 adjuvants , and strong B cell response stimulators. CpG-B ODN promote survival, activation, and maturation of both monocyte derived dendritic cells and PDC. Source: Synthetic protein effective for activating B cells immune response in rat., 5'-tgactgtgaacgttcgagatga-3', Applications: Suitable for use in biological assays in vitro to activate rat cells. Other applications not tested. Recommended Dilution: In vitro stimulation: 0.05-3um, Optimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher. Storage and Stability: Lyophilized powder may be stored at -20°C. Reconstitute with sterile ddH2O. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20°C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer