Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate

Most commonly-used phorbol ester, Binds to and activates protein kinase C (PKC) at nM concentrations, Induces cell growth arrest through a variety of pathways including the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways mediated by cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors such as p21WAF1/CIP1, p27KIP1, p15 and p16, Potent mouse skin tumor promoter, Promoter of inducible NOS (iNOS, NOS II), Apoptosis inducer, Potential effective cancer therapeutic agent, Inhibitor of anti-lipolytic activity of insulin. Semisynthetic.